Table 1 Recent and relevant studies on acute stress detection

Ham 2017 [23]

6, 28.67 ± 3.3y

PPG (HRV)

Arithmetic stress, environmental stress, both while in Virtual Reality

LDA

240 s, non-overlapping

74% (baseline), 81% (mild stress), 82% (severe stress) Accuracy

Pereira 2017 [19]

14, 20-26y

ECG (HRV)

Trier Social Stress Test

N/A

50-220 s, non-overlapping

N/A

Zangróniz 2018 [24]

45, 20-28y

PPG (PRV)

IAPS

Decision Tree

70 s

82,35% Accuracy

Lawanont 2019 [10]

10, 20-26y

Activity tracker (FitBit)

Real-life work shifts

KNN, SVM, Decision Tree

1 h

84.1% (decision tree) Accuracy

Moridani 2020 [20]

20, 25 ± 5y

ECG (HRV)

Physical activity, arithmetic task, emotional stress (horror movie)

CNN

300 s (40 s for “mini emotional stress”)

97.9% (cognitive), 94.4% (emotional) F1 score

Pourmohammadi 2020 [34]

34, 25.4 ± 4.2y

EMG, ECG (HRV)

Arithmetic task, Stroop, environmental stressing

SVM

60 s, non-overlapping

100% (2 levels), 97.6% (3 levels), 96.2% (4 levels) Accuracy

Rodriguez-Arce 2020 [29]

21, 18-21y

GSR, PPG, body temp., breathing

Arithmetic task, electrocutaneous stimulation

KNN, SVM

 ~ 50 s (2500 samples per window)

90% (KNN), 95% (SVM) Accuracy

Sánchez-Reolid 2020 [27]

147, 31.4 ± 8.03y (w), 36.3 ± 4.99y (m)

EDA

IAPS

SVM, D-SVM

1-40 s, overlapping and non-overlapping

83% (SVM), 92% (D-SVM) F1 score

Zalabarria 2020 [30]

42, 22.88 ± 3.1y

ECG (HR), GSR, breathing

3D puzzle

Fuzzy algorithm

20 s sliding window

91.15% (stress), 96.61% (relax) F1 score

Zubair 2020 [26]

14, 25-30y

PPG (HRV)

Arithmetic tasks, Stroop

QDA, SVM

60 s, non-overlapping

94.33% (SVM), 89.73% (QDA) Accuracy