Table 2 Etching and intercalant conditions of MXene (top-down approach) synthesis as reported by several key studies
From: MXene in the lens of biomedical engineering: synthesis, applications and future outlook
MAX phase(s) | Etchant (conditions) | Intercalant (conditions) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
Ti3AlC2 | 50% HF (2 h, RT) | – | [10] |
Ti3AlC2 | 48% HF (24 h, RT) | TMAOH (24 h, RT) | [22] |
Ti3AlC2 | 40% HF (2 days, 45 °C) | TMAOH (3 days, 45 °C) | [16] |
Ti3AlC2, Ti2AlC, Nb2AlC | LiF + HCl (45 h, 40 °C) | – | [23] |
Ti3AlC2 | LiF + HCl (24 h, 50 °C) NH4F + HCl (24 h, 30 °C) KF/NaF + HCl (48 h, 40 °C) | – – – | [24] |
Ti2AlC | LiF + HCl (48 h, 50 °C) NH4F/KF + HCl (48 h, 40 °C) NaF + HCl (24 h, 60 °C) | – – DMSO (24 h), NH3.H2O (2 h) or urea (24 h, 60 °C) | |
Ti3AlC2 | NH4HF2 (10–160 min, RT) | – | [25] |
Ti3AlC2 | NaOH (12 h, 270 °C) | – | [27] |
Ti4AlN3 | Mixture of LiF, KF, NaF (30 min, 550 °C) | TBAOH (5 min) | [28] |
Ti3AlC2 | – | DMSO (18 h, RT) | [31] |
Nb2AlC | 50% HF (48 h, 55 °C) | Isopropylamine (18 h, RT) | [32] |
V2AlC Ti3AlCN | 48% HF (92 h, RT) 30% HF (18 h, RT) | TBAOH (4 h, RT) | [33] |
Ti3AlC2 | 40% HF (3 days, RT) | TPAOH (3 days, RT) | [34] |