Fig. 1

The average conductivity data (n = 3) at 25 °C of 0.17% NaCl solution (top) for 0.1 Hz – 100 kHz and (bottom) at 1 Hz for 10 min. The dashed line shows the average for each sample taken over three series of measurements taken with 30 min in between. The shaded regions show µ ± σ (purple) and µ ± 0.01µ (blue) for comparison