Table 3 Summary of the studies and technological implementation of Wartenberg’s pendulum test
Author/year | joint | People under study (number of participants) | Main technology | Compared to clinical scale |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Couvée, 1968 [52] | Knee | Paraplegia (N = 6) Healthy (N = 5) | Potentiometer | NC |
Bajd, 1984 [38] | Knee | SCI (N = 10) Hemiplegics (N = 5) | Electro goniometer Tachometer | NC |
Leslie, 1992 [42] | Knee | MS (N = 14) | Electro goniometer | AS |
Stillman, 1995 [19] | Knee | Healthy young, middle aged, elderly (N = 77) | Video camera | NC |
He, 1997 [44] | Knee | MS (N = 46) | Electro goniometer | NC |
Kaeser, 1998 [34] | Knee | Healthy (N = 40) Spastic (N = 9) | Electro goniometer Ultrasound | AS |
Greenan Fowler, 2000 [6] | Knee | CP (N = 30) Healthy (N = 10) | Electro goniometer | MAS |
Cavorzin, 2001 [53] | Knee | Spastic (N = 15) Healthy (N = 10) | Potentiometer EMG | AS |
Nordmark, 2002 [17] | Knee | CP (SDR) (N = 20) | Electro goniometer EMG | MAS |
Lin, 2003 [47] | Elbow | Stroke (N = 11) Healthy (N = 11) | Electro goniometer EMG | AS |
Syczewska,2009 [29] | Knee | CP (N = 21) Trauma (N = 6), DS (N = 3) | Vicon Motion Capture ENG | NC |
Bohannon, 2009 [46] | Knee | Chronic stroke (N = 8) | Polhemus Liberty magnetic position tracking system | AS |
Sterpi, 2013 [18] | Knee | Severe cerebral lesion (N = 11) healthy (N = 10) | Inertial sensor (Accelerometer, Gyroscope, Magnetometer) | MAS |
Tancredo, 2013 [31] | Knee | SCI (N = 11) | Accelerometer, Electro goniometer | MAS |
Lemoyne, 2013 [54] | Ankle | Healthy (N = 1) | Accelerometer (IPhone wireless) | NC |
Azevedo, 2013 [55] | Knee | SCI (N = 5) (5 Time) | Electro goniometer | NC |
Szopa, 2014 [43] | Knee | CP (N = 36) Healthy (N = 18) | Accelerometer | DAROM |
Yeh, 2016 [45] | Knee | Stroke (N = 13) Healthy (N = 3) | Electro goniometer (Two) Gyroscope (Wii remote) | MAS |
Vargas Luna, 2016 [41] | Knee | SCI (N = 4) | Goniometer Video tracking | AIS |
Bui, 2017 [40] | Knee | ARSACS (N = 13) Healthy (N = 32) | Gyroscope Accelerometer | MAS |
Popovic-Maneski, 2017 [37] | Knee | Chronic SCI (N = 2) Healthy (N = 5) | Accelerometers (two) Gyroscope Encoder (Hall-effect) EMG | MAS |
Popovic-Maneski, 2018 [39] | Knee | SCI (N = 9) Healthy (N = 6) | Absolute joint angle encoder Gyroscope EMG Electrode | AS |
Aleksić, 2018 [39] | Knee | SCI (N = 1) Healthy (N = 1) | Marker-based system Joint angle encoder and IMU | NC |
Popović, 2018 [56] | Knee | CNS lesion (N = 0) | Accelerometers (two) Gyroscope Encoder (Hall-effect) EMG | AS |
Whelan, 2018 [36] | Knee | ABI (N = 45) MS (N = 14) CP (N = 12) SCI (N = 22) | Fiber-optic goniometer (FOG) EMG electrode | MAS |