Table 4 Applications of functional 3D models in treating cardiovascular diseases
Application | Materials | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
Heart valve condition | ||
 Aortic valve stenosis [71] | TangoPlus, Verowhite | In vitro assessment of stenosis severity |
 Mitral valve stenosis [82] | Mold star 15, Ecoflex 00–30 | In vitro assessment of stenosis severity |
 Mitral valve regurgitation [74] | Mold star 15, Ecoflex 00–30 | Surgical simulation: mitral valve repair, mitral-clip |
Silicone | Device development: exploring relationships between artificial valve thickness and valve function | |
Coronary heart disease | ||
Wax, VeroClear | Surgical planning: optimal stent placement; parameter evaluation criteria: FFR | |
Vascular disease | ||
 Intracranial aneurysm [90] | Semi-translucent PLA | Surgical simulation: diverter implantation |
 Abdominal aortic aneurysm [92] | Polyjet Material Rubber FLX930 | Surgical simulation: transcatheter intervention repair |