Function | Name | Target population | Number of channels | Orthosis use | Surface/implanted/percutaneous | FDA/CE approval | Control interface |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Walking | Hybrid FES system developed by Andrews et al. [14] | SCI |  | AFO, spinal brace | Surface |  | Sensors on the handles of crutches, a spinal brace, or on the ankle–foot portion of the AFO Goniometers and FRS’s used by a state machine to determine the gait phase and time the stimulation |
Hybrid Assistive System [15] | SCI | 6 | Unilateral actuated orthosis | Surface | Â | Switches, force transduces under the toe and heel, and potentiometers to measure knee and vertical shank displacement. All sensors used to define stimulation phase. | |
Reciprocating gait orthosis (RGO) [28] | SCI | 4 | HKAFO | Surface | Â | Push buttons placed on the handles of a walker | |
Case Western Reserve University/Department of Veteran Affairs (CWRU-VA) Neuroprosthesis for Standing [17] | SCI | 16 | AFO | Implanted | Â | Push buttons | |
Parastep [29] | SCI | 6 | Â | Surface | FDA | Push buttons placed on the handles of a walker | |
COMPEX Motion FES system for walking [30] | SCI | 4 | Â | Surface | Â | Push button |