Skip to main content

Table 3 Lower limb function neuroprostheses: walking with greater lower limb impairment

From: Functional electrical stimulation therapy for restoration of motor function after spinal cord injury and stroke: a review

Function

Name

Target population

Number of channels

Orthosis use

Surface/implanted/percutaneous

FDA/CE approval

Control interface

Walking

Hybrid FES system developed by Andrews et al. [14]

SCI

 

AFO, spinal brace

Surface

 

Sensors on the handles of crutches, a spinal brace, or on the ankle–foot portion of the AFO

Goniometers and FRS’s used by a state machine to determine the gait phase and time the stimulation

Hybrid Assistive System [15]

SCI

6

Unilateral actuated orthosis

Surface

 

Switches, force transduces under the toe and heel, and potentiometers to measure knee and vertical shank displacement. All sensors used to define stimulation phase.

Reciprocating gait orthosis (RGO) [28]

SCI

4

HKAFO

Surface

 

Push buttons placed on the handles of a walker

Case Western Reserve University/Department of Veteran Affairs (CWRU-VA) Neuroprosthesis for Standing [17]

SCI

16

AFO

Implanted

 

Push buttons

Parastep [29]

SCI

6

 

Surface

FDA

Push buttons placed on the handles of a walker

COMPEX Motion FES system for walking [30]

SCI

4

 

Surface

 

Push button

  1. SCI spinal cord injury, AFO ankle–foot orthosis, HKAFO hip–knee–ankle–foot orthosis, FDA Federal Drug Administration, FSR force-sensitive resistor