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Fig. 3 | BioMedical Engineering OnLine

Fig. 3

From: Simulation as a preoperative planning approach in advanced heart failure patients. A retrospective clinical analysis

Fig. 3

Screen output obtained using our simulator. The first step consists of simulating the “Admission” conditions of the second patient. Subsequently, LVAD assistance is applied. The upper window shows the simulated starting ventricular loop (A) and the ventricular loop obtained during LVAD assistance (B) in the left ventricular pressure–volume plane. The mean values (calculated during the cardiac cycle in the presence of LVAD assistance) of pressure, flow and HR are reported in the right column. Mean systolic and diastolic values are reported for the systemic arterial pressure (Pas ≡ BP). Pla is the mean left atrial pressure (Pla ≡ PCWP). Pra is the mean right atrial pressure. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppam ≡ PA), systemic venous pressure (Pvs) and pulmonary venous pressure (Pvp) are also shown. In the bottom column, mean left/right atrial input flow (Qlia/Qria), left/right ventricular input flow (Qli/Qri) and right ventricular output flow (Qro) assume the same value. The sum of the mean left ventricular output flow (Qlo) and the Qvad (LVAD flow) equals the flow into the circulatory network (Qlo + Qvad = Qlia = Qria = Qro = Qri = Qli). Finally, the left lower box reports the end-systolic volume (Ves ≡ ESV), the end-diastolic volume (Ved ≡ EDV), the stroke volume (SV) and the ejection fraction (EF) for both ventricles

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