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Table 2 Overview of different prostheses

From: Active lower limb prosthetics: a systematic review of design issues and solutions

Type

Name of prosthesis, Institute, Country

Year

Reference

A/K

Agonist–antagonist active knee prosthesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

2008

[56]

A/K

University of Sakarya, Adapazari, Turkey

2008

[55]

A/K

Waterloo Active Prosthetic Knee, University of Waterloo, Canada

2008

[29]

A/K

Hebei University of Technology, China

2010

[49]

A/K

ETH Zurich, Switzerland

2011

[72]

A/K

The University of Alabama, USA

2011

[73]

A/K

Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, USA

2012

[53]

A/K

University of Rhode Island, USA

2012

[74]

B/K

Bionic ankle–foot prosthesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA

2006

[58]

B/K

SPARKy, Arizona State University, USA

2008

[75]

B/K

IPAM (intelligent Prosthesis using Artificial Muscles), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium

2008

[28]

B/K

Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium

2009

[46]

B/K

PANTOE 1, Peking University, China

2010

[57]

B/K

Marquette University, Milwaukee, USA

2010

[76]

B/K

Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Ishikawa, Japan

2011

[77]

B/K

AMP-foot 2.0, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium

2012

[78]

B/K

Vanderbilt Transtibial Prosthesis, Vanderbilt University, USA

2013

[32]

A/K + B/K

Vanderbilt Transfemoral Prosthesis, Vanderbilt University, USA

2009

[59]

A/K + B/K

University of Brasília, Brasil

2009

[79]

A/K + B/K

SmartLeg, University of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina

2011

[34]

A/K + B/K

Cyberleg alpha, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium

2013

[80]

  1. The prosthesis are classified as above-knee (A/K), below-knee (B/K) and combined knee-and-ankle prosthesis (A/K + B/K)