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Table 3 Summary of short-distance telerobotic systems

From: Medical telerobotic systems: current status and future trends

 

Name

Mechanical design

Application area

Status

References

1

Teleoperated needle insertion robot

Serial

General surgery/intervention

EXP

[55]

2

MR-guided thermotherapy

Parallel

Thermotherapy

EXP

[56]

3

Surgical system for breast biopsy

Parallel

Breast biopsy

EXP

[57]

4

CT-guided needle-placement robot

Serial

Diagnostic and therapeutic needle placement

EXP

[58]

5

Medical robot for MIS

Serial

Surgery (minimally invasive)

EXP

[59]

6

SOFIE

Serial

Surgery (laparoscopic and thoracoscopic)

EXP

[62, 60]

7

Telelap ALF-X

Serial

General surgery

EXP

[63, 64]

8

Al-Zahrawi surgical system

Serial

General surgery

EXP

[65]

9

Telerobotic system for minimally invasive surgery

Snake-like

General surgery (throat and upper airway)

EXP

[66]

10

IREP robot

Snake-like

Surgery (Single Port Access)

EXP

[67]

11

SPS manipulator

Serial

Surgery (Single Port Endoscopic)

EXP

[68]

12

SPRINT

Serial

Surgery (Single-Port Laparoscopic)

EXP

[69]

13

Endoscopic prototype telerobotic system

Serial

Surgery (transluminal endoscopic surgery)

EXP

[70]

14

Robotic (NOTES) device

Serial

Gastrointestinal (NOTES)

CLIN

[71]

15

RVIR robot (vascular interventional robot)

Supporting manipulator/catheter navigator

MIS

EXP

[72]

16

Telerobotic-assisted bone-drilling system

Linear/rotational stage

Surgery (orthopaedics)

EXP

[73]

17

Trauma pod

Serial

General surgery

EXP

[74]

18

Slave manipulator with roll-pitch-roll wrist

Serial

General surgery

EXP

[75]

19

Robotic system for corneal keratoplasty

Cartesian

Eye surgery

CLIN

[76]

20

Snake-like robot for upper airway surgery

Snake-like

Surgery (throat and upper airways—ENT)

EXP

[66]

21

Robotic system for transnasal surgery

Snake-like

Transnasal surgery—larynx and airways

EXP

[77]

22

LANS

Cartesian

Neurosurgery

EXP

[80, 81]

23

NeuroArm

Serial

Micro-neurosurgery and stereotaxy

CLIN

[82, 83]

24

MRI guided neurosurgery

Serial

Neurosurgery

EXP

[84]

25

Master–slave robotic platform for micro-neurosurgery

Spherical

Neurosurgery

EXP

[85]

26

Heart surgery robot

Spherical

Cardiac and thoracic

EXP

[87, 144]

27

MIRS (MIRoSurge)

Spherical

Cardiac and thoracic

EXP

[88, 90]

28

HIFU for kidney ablation

Cartesian

Cardiac and thoracic

CLIN

[89]

29

MIS laparoscopic robot

Spherical

Cardiac and thoracic

EXP

[91]

30

Robotic forceps manipulator

Serial

Cardiac & thoracic

EXP

[92]

31

ZEUS MI robotic lung brachytherapy

Serial

Cardiac and thoracic

COM

[93, 94]

32

da Vinci

Serial

Cardiac and thoracic

COM

[39–41]

33

Heartlander robot

Cable-Driven

Cardiac and thoracic

CLIN

[95]

34

Sensei and artisan

Snake-like

Cardiac and thoracic

COM

[97, 98]

35

MARVEL

 

Cardiac and thoracic

EXP

[99]

36

Creeping colonoscopy robot

Worm-like locomotion

Gastrointestinal

EXP

[100]

37

Robotic magnetic steering and locomotion of capsule

Serial

Gastrointestinal

EXP

[102]

38

GI robot with active motion

Legged locomotion

Gastrointestinal

EXP

[101]

39

Wireless GI robot

Worm-like locomotion

Gastrointestinal

CLIN

[103]

40

Prostate brachytherapy robot

Serial

Urologic

EXP

[105]

41

MRI guided prostate robot

Cartesian

Urologic

COM

[106]

42

Pneumatic robot for prostate

Spherical

Urologic

EXP

[107]

43

SpineNAv

Serial

Spinal intervention

EXP

[110, 112]

44

CoRA

Closed-loop

Spinal intervention

EXP

[108]

45

MINOSC

Cable-driven

Spinal intervention

EXP

[111]

  1. EXP experimental, COM commercial, CLIN clinical