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Table 7

From: A computational model of skeletal muscle metabolism linking cellular adaptations induced by altered loading states to metabolic responses during exercise

1. Glucose Utilization

GLU + ATP → G6P + ADP

φ GLU → G6P = V GLU → G6P ( C ATP C ADP K ATP ADP + C ATP C ADP ) ( C GLU K GLU 1 + C GLU K GLU + C G6P K G6P ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@7F39@

2. Glycogen Synthesis

G6P + ATP → GLY + ADP + 2 Pi

φ G6P → GLY = V G6P → GLY ( C ATP C ADP K ATP ADP + C ATP C ADP ) ( C G6P K G6P 1 + C G6P K G6P + C GLY K GLY + C Pi K Pi + C GLY K GLY ⋅ C Pi K Pi ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@9BD3@

This is lumping of 4 reactions G6P ↔ G1P, G1P + UTP → UDP-GLC + 2 Pi, UDP-GLC + GLYn → UDP + GLYn+1, and UDP + ATP → UTP + ADP.

3. Glycogen Utilization

GLY + Pi + G6P

φ GLY → G6P = V GLY → G6P ( C AMP C ATP K AMP ATP + C AMP C ATP ) ( C GLY K GLY ⋅ C Pi K Pi 1 + C GLY K GLY + C Pi K Pi + C GLY K GLY ⋅ C Pi K Pi + C G6P K G6P ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@A679@

This is lumping of 2 reactions GLY + Pi → G1P and G1P ↔ G6P. The activity of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is regulated by AMP and ATP [51]; AMP acts as a positive effector (activator) and ATP acts a negative effector (inhibitor) by competing with AMP. So the reaction is controlled by CAMP/CATP concentration ratio.

4. Glucose 6-Phosphate Breakdown

G6P + ATP → 2 GA3P + ADP

φ G6P → GA3P = V G6P → GA3P ( C AMP C ATP K AMP ATP + C AMP C ATP ) ( C G6P K G6P 1 + C G6P K G6P + C GA3P K GA3P ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@8237@

This is lumping of 4 reactions G6P ↔ F6P, F6P + ATP → F16BP + ADP, F16BP ↔ DHAP + GA3P, and DHAP ↔ GA3P. The activity of the enzyme phosphofructo kinase in this reaction is assumed to be regulated by the energy metabolite concentration ratio CAMP/CATP.

5. Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Breakdown

GA3P + Pi + NAD+ → BPG + NADH

φ GA3P → BPG = V GA3P → BPG ( C NAD + C NADH K NAD + NADH + C NAD + C NADH ) ( C GA3P K GA3P ⋅ C Pi K Pi 1 + C GA3P K GA3P + C Pi K Pi + C GA3P K GA3P ⋅ C Pi K Pi + C BPG K BPG ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@B2B6@

6. Pyruvate Production

BPG + 2 ADP → PYR + 2 ATP

φ BPG → PYR = V BPG → PYR ( C ADP C ATP K ADP ATP + C ADP C ATP ) ( C BPG K BPG 1 + C BPG K BPG + C PYR K PYR ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@7FF5@

This is lumping of 4 reactions 13BPG + ADP ↔ 3PG + ATP, 3PG ↔ 2PG, 2PG ↔ PEP, and PEP+ADP → PYR + ATP.

7. Pyruvate Reduction

PYR + NADH → LAC + NAD+

φ PYR → LAC = V PYR → LAC ( C NADH C NAD + K NADH NAD + + C NADH C NAD + ) ( C PYR K PYR 1 + C PYR K PYR + C LAC K LAC ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@8623@

8. Lactate Oxidation

LAC + NAD+ + PYR + NADH

φ LAC → PYR = V LAC → PYR ( C NAD + C NADH K NAD + NADH + C NAD + C NADH ) ( C LAC K LAC 1 + C LAC K LAC + C PYR K PYR ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@8574@

9. Alanine Production

PYR → ALA

φ PYR → ALA = V PYR → ALA ( C PYR K PYR 1 + C PYR K PYR + C ALA K ALA ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0dc8meaabaqaciaacaGaaeqabaqabeGadaaakeaaiiGacqWFgpGzlmaaBaaabaGaeeiuaaLaeeywaKLaeeOuaiLaeyOKH4QaeeyqaeKaeeitaWKaeeyqaeeabeaakiabg2da9iabdAfawnaaBaaaleaacqqGqbaucqqGzbqwcqqGsbGucqGHsgIRcqqGbbqqcqqGmbatcqqGbbqqaOqabaWaaeWaaeaadaWcaaqaamaalaaabaGaem4qam0cdaWgaaqaaiabbcfaqjabbMfazjabbkfasbqabaaakeaacqWGlbWsdaWgaaWcbaGaeeiuaaLaeeywaKLaeeOuaifakeqaaaaaaeaacqqGXaqmcqGHRaWkdaWcaaqaaiabdoeadTWaaSbaaeaacqqGqbaucqqGzbqwcqqGsbGuaeqaaaGcbaGaem4saS0aaSbaaSqaaiabbcfaqjabbMfazjabbkfasbGcbeaaaaGaey4kaSYaaSaaaeaacqWGdbWqlmaaBaaabaGaeeyqaeKaeeitaWKaeeyqaeeabeaaaOqaaiabdUealnaaBaaaleaacqqGbbqqcqqGmbatcqqGbbqqaOqabaaaaaaaaiaawIcacaGLPaaaaaa@6337@

10. Pyruvate Oxidation

PYR + CoA + NAD+ → ACoA + NADH + CO2

φ PYR → ACoA = V PYR → ACoA ( C NAD + C NADH K NAD + NADH + C NAD + C NADH ) ( C PYR K PYR ⋅ C CoA K CoA 1 + C PYR K PYR + C CoA K CoA + C PYR K PYR ⋅ C CoA K CoA + C ACoA K ACoA + C CO2 K CO2 + C ACoA K ACoA ⋅ C CO2 K CO2 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@D9DC@

This reaction links between glycolysis and TCA cycle inside the mitochondrial matrix and contributes to ACoA formation from the carbohydrates.

11. Lipolysis

TGL → GLC + 3 FFA

φ TGL → GLC = V TGL → GLC ( C TGL K TGL 1 + C TGL K TGL + C FFA K FFA + C GLC K GLC + C FFA K FFA ⋅ C GLC K GLC ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@81D1@

12. Triglyceride Synthesis

GLC + 3 FFA + 7 ATP → TGL + 7 ADP + 7 Pi

φ GLC → TGL = V GLC → TGL ( C ATP C ADP K ATP ADP + C ATP C ADP ) ( C FFA K FFA ⋅ C GLC K GLC 1 + C FFA K FFA + C GLC K GLC + C FFA K FFA ⋅ C GLC K GLC + C TGL K TGL + C Pi K Pi + C TGL K TGL ⋅ C Pi K Pi ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@C69F@

This is lumping of 3 reactions GLC + ATP → G3P + ADP, G3P + 3FAC → TGL + 3CoA + Pi, 3FFA + 3CoA + 6ATP → 3FAC + 6ATP + 6Pi. For simplicity, TGL synthesis from DHAP or GA3P (glycolysis) and FAC has been ignored.

13. Free Fatty Acid Activation

FFA + CoA + 2 ATP → FAC + 2 ADP + 2 Pi

φ FFA → FAC = V FFA → FAC ( C ATP C ADP K ATP ADP + C ATP C ADP ) ( C FFA K FFA ⋅ C CoA K CoA 1 + C FFA K FFA + C CoA K CoA + C FFA K FFA ⋅ C CoA K CoA + C FAC K FAC + C Pi K Pi + C FAC K FAC ⋅ C Pi K Pi ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@C67B@

This is lumping of 2 reactions FFA + CoA + ATP → FAC + AMP + 2Pi and AMP + ATP ↔ 2 ADP.

14. Fatty Acyl-CoA Oxidation

FAC + 7 CoA + (35/3) NAD+ → 8 ACoA + (35/3) NADH

φ FAC → ACoA = V FAC → ACoA ( C NAD + C NADH K NAD + NADH + C NAD + C NADH ) ( C FAC K FAC ⋅ C CoA K CoA 1 + C FAC K FAC + C CoA K CoA + C FAC K FAC ⋅ C CoA K CoA + C ACoA K ACoA ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@B549@

This reaction producing ACoA from the activated fatty acid inside the mitochondrial matrix is highly complex. It is the result of combining 7 cycles of reactions in which each cycle consists of 4 enzymatic reactions. For simplicity, FAD and FADH2 are considered equivalent to 2/3 NAD+ and 2/3 NADH in terms of the amount of ATP production (though they consume equal amount of O2).

15. Citrate Production

ACoA + OXA → CIT + CoA

φ ACoA → CIT = V ACoA → CIT ( C ACoA K ACoA ⋅ C OXA K OXA 1 + C ACoA K ACoA + C OXA K OXA + C ACoA K ACoA ⋅ C OXA K OXA + C CIT K CIT + C CoA K CoA + C CIT K CIT ⋅ C CoA K CoA ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@B8A5@

16. α-Ketoglutarate Production

CIT + NAD+ → AKG + NADH + CO2

φ CIT → AKG = V CIT → AKG ( C NAD + C NADH K NAD + NADH + C NAD + C NADH ) ( C CIT K CIT 1 + C CIT K CIT + C AKG K AKG + C CO2 K CO2 + C AKG K AKG ⋅ C CO2 K CO2 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@A3EA@

This is lumping of 2 enzymatic reactions CIT ↔ ICIT and ICIT + NAD+ → AKG + CO2 + NADH.

17. Succinyl-CoA Production

AKG + CoA + NAD+ → SCoA + NADH + CO2

φ AKG → SCoA = V AKG → SCoA ( C NAD + C NADH K NAD + NADH + C NAD + C NADH ) ( C AKG K AKG ⋅ C CoA K CoA 1 + C AKG K AKG + C CoA K CoA + C AKG K AKG ⋅ C CoA K CoA + C SCoA K SCoA + C CO2 K CO2 + C SCoA K SCoA ⋅ C CO2 K CO2 ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@D834@

18. Succinate Production

SCoA + ADP + Pi → SUC + CoA + ATP

φ SCoA → SUC = V SCoA → SUC ( C ADP C ATP K ADP ATP + C ADP C ATP ) ( C SCoA K SCoA ⋅ C Pi K Pi 1 + C SCoA K SCoA + C Pi K Pi + C SCoA K SCoA ⋅ C Pi K Pi + C SUC K SUC + C CoA K CoA + C SUC K SUC ⋅ C CoA K CoA ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@D1D9@

Because the reaction GTP + ADP ↔ GDP + ATP is in fast equilibrium, we assume the GTP/GDP ratio proportional to the ATP/ADP ratio.

19. Malate Production

SUC + (2/3) NAD+ → MAL + (2/3) NADH

φ SUC → MAL = V SUC → MAL ( C NAD + C NADH K NAD + NADH + C NAD + C NADH ) ( C SUC K SUC 1 + C SUC K SUC + C MAL K MAL ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@85B0@

This is lumping of 2 reactions SUC + FAD → FUM + FADH2 and FUM ↔ MAL. FAD and FADH2 are considered equivalent to 2/3 NAD+ and 2/3 NADH.

20. Oxaloacetate Production

MAL + NAD+ → OXA + NADH

φ MAL → OXA = V MAL → OXA ( C NAD + C NADH K NAD + NADH + C NAD + C NADH ) ( C MAL K MAL 1 + C MAL K MAL + C OXA K OXA ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0dc8meaabaqaciaacaGaaeqabaqabeGadaaakeaaiiGacqWFgpGzlmaaBaaabaGaeeyta0KaeeyqaeKaeeitaWKaeyOKH4Qaee4ta8KaeeiwaGLaeeyqaeeabeaakiabg2da9iabdAfawnaaBaaaleaacqqGnbqtcqqGbbqqcqqGmbatcqGHsgIRcqqGpbWtcqqGybawcqqGbbqqaOqabaWaaeWaaeaadaWcaaqaamaalaaabaGaem4qam0aaSbaaSqaaiabb6eaojabbgeabjabbseaenaaCaaabeqaaiabgUcaRaaaaOqabaaabaGaem4qam0aaSbaaSqaaiabb6eaojabbgeabjabbseaejabbIeaibGcbeaaaaaabaGaem4saS0aaSbaaSqaamaalaaabaGaeeOta4KaeeyqaeKaeeiraq0aaWbaaWqabeaacqqGRaWkaaaaleaacqqGobGtcqqGbbqqcqqGebarcqqGibasaaaakeqaaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaem4qam0aaSbaaSqaaiabb6eaojabbgeabjabbseaenaaCaaabeqaaiabgUcaRaaaaOqabaaabaGaem4qam0aaSbaaSqaaiabb6eaojabbgeabjabbseaejabbIeaibGcbeaaaaaaaaGaayjkaiaawMcaamaabmaabaWaaSaaaeaadaWcaaqaaiabdoeadTWaaSbaaeaacqqGnbqtcqqGbbqqcqqGmbataeqaaaGcbaGaem4saS0aaSbaaSqaaiabb2eanjabbgeabjabbYeambGcbeaaaaaabaGaeeymaeJaey4kaSYaaSaaaeaacqWGdbWqlmaaBaaabaGaeeyta0KaeeyqaeKaeeitaWeabeaaaOqaaiabdUealnaaBaaaleaacqqGnbqtcqqGbbqqcqqGmbataOqabaaaaiabgUcaRmaalaaabaGaem4qam0cdaWgaaqaaiabb+eapjabbIfayjabbgeabbqabaaakeaacqWGlbWsdaWgaaWcbaGaee4ta8KaeeiwaGLaeeyqaeeakeqaaaaaaaaacaGLOaGaayzkaaaaaa@8554@

21. Oxygen Utilization

O2 + 5.64 ADP + 5.64 Pi + 1.88 NADH → 2 H2O + 5.64 ATP + 1.88 NAD+

φ O2 → H2O = V O2 → H2O ( C ADP C ATP K ADP ATP + C ADP C ATP ) ( C O2 K O2 ⋅ C Pi K Pi ⋅ C NADH K NADH 1 + C O2 K O2 + C Pi K Pi + C NADH K NADH + C O2 K O2 ⋅ C Pi K Pi ⋅ C NADH K NADH + C NAD + K NAD + ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@C4D9@

This is a sum of several enzymatic reactions at complex I – V that constitute the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondrial matrix. FAD and FADH2 are considered equivalent to 2/3 NAD+ and 2/3 NADH. Unlike other reactions, here NADH and NAD+ are treated as substrates rather than controllers. Furthermore, 1 NADH is assumed to produce 3 ATP (i.e., P/O ratio = 3 for substrate NADH). To account for the proton leak, the stoichiometries for NADH and NAD+ are adjusted to 1.88 and that for ATP, ADP and Pi are accordingly adjusted to 3*1.88 = 5.64.

22. Phosphocreatine Breakdown

PCR + ADP → CR + ATP

φ PCR → CR = V PCR → CR ( C ADP C ATP K ADP ATP + C ADP C ATP ) ( C PCR K PCR 1 + C PCR K PCR + C CR K CR ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@7B39@

23. Phosphocreatine Synthesis

CR + ATP → PCR + ADP

φ CR → P CR = V CR → P CR ( C ATP C ADP K ATP ADP + C ATP C ADP ) ( C CR K CR 1 + C CR K CR + C PCR K PCR ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@78EF@

24. ATP Hydrolysis

ATP → ADP + Pi

φ ATP → ADP = V ATP → ADP ( C ATP K ATP 1 + C ATP K ATP ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@5864@

25. AMP Utilization

AMP + ATP → 2 ADP

φ AMP → ADP = V AMP → ADP ( C AMP K AMP ⋅ C ATP K ATP 1 + C AMP K AMP + C ATP K ATP + C AMP K AMP ⋅ C ATP K ATP + C ADP K ADP ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@8DEF@

26. AMP Production

2 ADP → AMP + ATP

φ ADP → AMP = V ADP → AMP ( C ADP K ADP 1 + C ADP K ADP + C AMP K AMP + C ATP K ATP + C AMP K AMP ⋅ C ATP K ATP ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=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@8219@