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Table 2 Comparisons of the NJs of all joint angles between the skilled and unskilled golfers during the downswing

From: Kinematic evaluation of movement smoothness in golf: relationship between the normalized jerk cost of body joints and the clubhead

  

Skilled

Unskilled

p-value

Left ankle

Flx/ext

215.0 ± 92

496.3 ± 242

<0.01**

Abd/add

107.1 ± 57

240.3 ± 167

<0.01**

Axial rot

105.9 ± 50

254.5 ± 124

<0.01**

Right ankle

Flx/ext

298.5 ± 109

459.7 ± 258

<0.01**

Abd/add

194.0 ± 59

310.7 ± 185

<0.01**

Axial rot

98.4 ± 40

177.5 ± 97

<0.01**

Left knee

Flx/ext

187.9 ± 84

324.9 ± 140

<0.01**

Abd/add

162.7 ± 50

346.8 ± 108

<0.01**

Axial rot

147.7 ± 49

288.5 ± 280

0.018*

Right knee

Flx/ext

297.1 ± 145

331.7 ± 129

NS

Abd/add

237.7 ± 127

391.8 ± 219

<0.01**

Axial rot

211.1 ± 124

241.6 ± 130

<0.01**

Left hip

Flx/ext

180.3 ± 60

216.7 ± 80

0.027*

Abd/add

177.8 ± 47

222.1 ± 70

<0.01**

Axial rot

280.4 ± 158

359.8 ± 204

NS

Right hip

Flx/ext

204.9 ± 88

169.3 ± 88

NS

Abd/add

151.5 ± 70

237.8 ± 103

<0.01**

Axial rot

343.6 ± 136

372.7 ± 183

NS

Spine

Flx/ext

115.4 ± 61

125.4 ± 43

NS

Abd/add

282.4 ± 146

286.9 ± 125

NS

Axial rot

197.4 ± 92

252.4 ± 177

NS

Neck

Flx/ext

275.7 ± 139

315.3 ± 184

NS

Abd/add

300.4 ± 176

353.4 ± 143

NS

Axial rot

105.9 ± 55

186.4 ± 222

NS

Left shoulder

Flx/ext

213.9 ± 151

227.1 ± 83

NS

Abd/add

211.7 ± 134

247.4 ± 164

NS

Axial rot

518.3 ± 142

728.9 ± 326

0.024*

Right shoulder

Flx/ext

215.8 ± 135

272.1 ± 166

NS

Abd/add

312.0 ± 135

421.0 ± 48

0.029*

Axial rot

320.5 ± 194

239.6 ± 100

NS

Left elbow

Flx/ext

455.3 ± 331

214.4 ± 85

NS

Right elbow

Flx/ext

329.5 ± 149

282.9 ± 100

NS

Left wrist

Flx/ext

480.4 ± 213

627.6 ± 466

NS

Abd/add

635.5 ± 439

1120.4 ± 552

0.021*

Right wrist

Flx/ext

1951.9 ± 1442

1622.9 ± 1686

NS

Abd/add

1211.3 ± 685

1241.7 ± 2197

NS

  1. Flx/ext: Flextion/extention, Abd/add: Abduction/adduction, Rot: Rotation, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, NS: Non-significant.